Formation Of Secondary Phases Research Articles

Characterization of the spin arc welding technique for dissimilar materials Hastelloy C-2000 and C-276

Hastelloy C-2000 and C-276 are primarily employed in the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Finding an effective way to combine these alloys is still a complex task in industry. The main focus of this study is to investigate the potential efficacy of the spin arc welding process on Hastelloy C-2000 and C-276. The welding process was carried out under various conditions, such as weld current, spinning speed, and spin diameter. ERNiCrMo-4, with a diameter of 1.2 mm, was employed as a filler. Optical microscopy, XRD and FESEM were used for microstructural examination. The mechanical properties of the welded samples were critically analyzed. The results of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), hardness value (HV), and impact tests of spin arc welding were compared with those of the multipass pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding process (MPCGTAW). In spin arc welding, Hastelloy C-2000 and C-276 exhibited higher UTS, HV, and toughness compared to MPCGTAW because there was no secondary TCP phase formation in the weld centre and hot cracking in spin arc weldments. Additionally, compared to MPCGTAW, the elongation with spin arc welding was noted to be lower. Moreover, microstructural analysis revealed no evidence of grain segregation, which may have contributed to the improved UTS and HV of the materials during spin arc welding. Thus, spin arc welding proves to be superior for dissimilar Hastelloy joints of C-2000 and C-276.

Effect of divalent ion of strontium substitution on the structural, optical, magnetic and blood compatibility studies in cobalt ferrite

This study investigates the effects of Sr2+ substitution on the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4). Through sol–gel auto-combustion synthesis, Sr2+ was substituted into Co-spinel ferrites (Co1-xSrxFe2O4, where x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0). SEM analysis revealed spherical grains with an average size of 54.4 nm. XRD analysis indicated systematic changes in crystallographic parameters and the formation of secondary phases with Sr-substitution. While the crystal size for CoFe2O4 was calculated as 262 nm, this value was determined as 18 nm for Co0.25Sr0.75Fe2O4. FT-IR results suggested increased force constants of octahedral and tetrahedral bonds with higher Sr content, with main vibration bands at 423.6 and 606 cm−1. M-H curves exhibited S-shaped behavior, indicating drastic magnetic property changes with Sr2+ substitution. Coercivity field (Hc), saturation magnetization (M S ), and remanent magnetization (M r ) values ranged from 1447.8–545.4 Oe, 58.8-14 emu g−1, and 36.8-7.6 emu g−1, respectively. Blood compatibility experiments highlighted Co0.75Sr0.25Fe2O4 nanoparticles with significantly low hemolysis rates compared to other concentrations.

Study on the mechanism of second phase formation in high-purity fused silica materials for semiconductor application

Gas bubble is a common defect in high-purity fused silica materials, but the formation of the second phase particles related to gas bubble and its mechanism remain unclear till now. In this work, we have presented a method for characterization of colored gas bubbles in high-purity fused silica crucibles for Czochralski silicon by the means of TEM and EDX. Based on it, the origin of the coloring of the gas bubbles is demonstrated to be induced by the gathering of Fe impurity and then, the formation of high-density second phase—ferric oxide (Fe2O3) crystals around the gas bubbles. Moreover, our results provide insight into the formation mechanism of second phase crystals which can be induced by stress field variations around gas bubbles during the cooling process that probably promoted by volume shrinkage effect and increasing solubility of gas from gas bubbles into fused silica substrate. The understanding of the second phase particle formation mechanism in high-purity fused silica materials is valuable for its further controlling.

Physico-chemical analysis of the properties and stability of CdS and CdS:O to be applied in thin-film solar cells

Oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) has emerged as a promising photovoltaic material, improving the CdTe solar cell spectra response and due to its potential, it could be applied in different kinds of thin-film solar cells. However, despite CdS:O benefits, its stability and its interface with CdTe have not been widely studied. This work study the physico-chemical properties of CdS and CdS:O films are studied, in addition a window layer is proposed consisting of CdS/CdS:O (bi-layer). Analyzing these samples in three stages: 1) as-deposited, 2) annealed, and 3) after CdTe deposit in order to determine its stability.The results showed that high temperature and reactive atmosphere generates a structural rearrangement and secondary phase formation in the window layer. Chemical composition was analyzed by XPS deep profile, suggesting a homogenous element distribution into film. The implementation of the bilayer in CdTe/bi-layer/glass structure helped to control the oxygen interdiffusion towards to absorber layer; this improves the stability at the cell junction, thereby increasing the electrical properties in the solar cell.

Enhancing thermoelectric performance of solution-processed polycrystalline SnSe with PbSe nanocrystals

There is a growing interest in cost-effective polycrystalline SnSe-based thermoelectric (TE) materials, which are able to replace the high performance but mechanically fragile and costly single-crystalline SnSe. In this study, we present a low-temperature solution-based approach to produce SnSe-PbSe nanocomposites with outstanding TE performance. Our method involves combining surfactant-free SnSe particles with oleate-capped PbSe nanocrystals in specific ratios, followed by thermal annealing and consolidation using spark plasma sintering. These nanocomposites are characterized by distinct compositional and structural properties that significantly impact their transport properties. In particular, the addition of oleate-capped PbSe nanocrystals results in: i) a reduction in the electrostatically adsorbed Na at the surface of the SnSe particles; ii) a reduction of Sn vacancies due to alloying with Pb; iii) an increase in grain boundary density; and iv) the formation of PbSnSe secondary phases. Notably, the SnSe-2.5 %PbSe nanocomposites demonstrate a 30 % decrease in thermal conductivity compared to that of the SnSe matrix. This reduction contributes to a maximum figure of merit (zT) of 1.75 at 788 K with a high average zT value of ca. 1.2 in the medium temperature range of 573–773 K. These values represent one of the highest reported in polycrystalline SnSe materials, showcasing the potential of our fabricated SnSe-PbSe nanocomposites for cost-effective TE applications.

Unveiling the effect of composition on nuclear waste immobilization glasses’ durability by nonparametric machine learning

Ensuring the long-term chemical durability of glasses is critical for nuclear waste immobilization operations. Durable glasses usually undergo qualification for disposal based on their response to standardized tests such as the product consistency test or the vapor hydration test (VHT). The VHT uses elevated temperature and water vapor to accelerate glass alteration and the formation of secondary phases. Understanding the relationship between glass composition and VHT response is of fundamental and practical interest. However, this relationship is complex, non-linear, and sometimes fairly variable, posing challenges in identifying the distinct effect of individual oxides on VHT response. Here, we leverage a dataset comprising 654 Hanford low-activity waste (LAW) glasses across a wide compositional envelope and employ various machine learning techniques to explore this relationship. We find that Gaussian process regression (GPR), a nonparametric regression method, yields the highest predictive accuracy. By utilizing the trained model, we discern the influence of each oxide on the glasses’ VHT response. Moreover, we discuss the trade-off between underfitting and overfitting for extrapolating the material performance in the context of sparse and heterogeneous datasets.

Secondary Phases, Morphology and Band Tails of Third Generation Photovoltaic Absorber Layer CZTS Annealed at Different Temperatures

Abstract: In this work, we have successfully fabricated Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films using the sol-gel spin-coating technique. Thin films were annealed in an argon atmosphere at different temperatures of 350, 375, 400, 425, and 450 ℃ for an hour. The influence of annealing temperature on structural, morphological, and optical properties was investigated. x-ray diffraction measurement confirmed the formation of secondary phases in as-deposited and annealed thin films at 350 and 375 ℃. A pure kesterite phase was obtained at an annealing temperature of 400 ℃, but degradation occurred at higher temperatures. The morphology study of the surface structure showed that thin films have homogeneous surfaces. The Volmer-Weber mode was the dominating growth mode. The as-deposited and annealed CZTS thin films exhibited a high absorption coefficient of the order of 104 cm-1, and the optical energy band gap Eg was red-shifted with increasing annealing temperature. The optical study showed a decrease in Urbach tail energy with an increase in annealing temperature and reached 0.39 eV at 400 ℃. The refractive index and dielectric constants of CZTS thin films were calculated. Keywords: Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films, Sol-Gel technique, Secondary phases, Roughness parameters, Band gap, Urbach tails.

Preparation and electrochemical properties of a ceramic solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3

The emergence of lithium-ion solid electrolytes greatly increases the safety risk of liquid electrolytes. Among the many solid electrolytes, aluminum-doped Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) has become a research hotspot due to its high ionic conductivity and good air stability. However, the traditional high-temperature sintering process has the problems of lithium volatilization and secondary phase formation. Therefore, it is very difficult to prepare high-quality LATP solid electrolytes. The X-ray diffraction pattern and analysis showed that the LATP samples prepared in this paper showed rhombohedral structure and could be indexed by the R3c space group, and a new method of excess lithium compensation sintering was proposed, in which lithium compensation (LiNO3) could well reduce the impact of lithium volatilization. It can be used as a sintering additive to promote the sintering densification of LATP. In this paper, the optimal sample for sintering at 900°C was determined by measuring the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the electrolyte, and lithium doping was studied. The LATP solid electrolyte with 10 wt% lithium doped has a conductivity of 7.2× 10−4 S/cm and a low activation energy (0.278 eV). Its mechanical properties (elastic modulus and hardness) are the best, which are 103.024 GPa and 8.053 GPa, respectively, and the value of its elastic modulus is much greater than that of lithium metal shear modulus of 4.25 GPa, which can effectively inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites. And the magnitude of the grain boundary conductivity and particle size of the lithium-doped sample correspond to the dielectric constant results.

Rapid Construction of Double Crystalline Prussian Blue Analogue Hetero-Superstructure.

The controllable construction of complex metal-organic coordination polymers (CPs) merits untold scientific and technological potential, yet remains a grand challenge of one-step construction and modulating simultaneously valence states of metals and topological morphology. Here, a thiocyanuric acid (TCA)-triggered strategy is presented to one-step rapid synthesis a double-crystalline Prussian blue analogue hetero-superstructure (PBA-hs) that comprises a Co3[Fe(CN)6]2 cube overcoated with a KCo[Fe(CN)6] shell, followed by eight self-assembled small cubes on vertices. Unlike common directing surfactants, TCA not only acts as a trigger for the fast growth of KCo[Fe(CN)6] on the Co3[Fe(CN)6]2 phase resulting in a PBA-on-PBA hetero-superstructure, but also serves as a flange-like bridge between them. By combining experiments with simulations, a deprotonation-induced electron transfer (DIET) mechanism is proposed for formation of second phase in PBA-hs, differing from thermally and photo-induced electron transfer processes. To prove utility, the calcined PBA-hs exhibits enhanced oxygen evolution reaction performance. This work provides a new method to design of novel CPs for enriching chemistry and material science. This work offers a practical approach to design novel CPs for enriching chemistry and material science.

Recent Progress and Challenges in Controlling Secondary Phases in Kesterite CZT(S/Se) Thin Films: A Critical Review

Kesterite-based copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) and copper zinc tin selenide (CZTSe) thin films have attracted considerable attention as promising materials for sustainable and cost-effective thin-film solar cells. However, the successful integration of these materials into photovoltaic devices is hindered by the coexistence of secondary phases, which can significantly affect device performance and stability. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress and challenges in controlling secondary phases in kesterite CZTS and CZTSe thin films. Drawing from relevant studies, we discuss state-of-the-art strategies and techniques employed to mitigate the formation of secondary phases. These include a range of deposition methods, such as electrodeposition, sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, and sputtering, each presenting distinct benefits in enhancing phase purity. This study highlights the importance of employing various characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, for the precise identification of secondary phases in CZTS and CZTSe thin films. Furthermore, the review discusses innovative strategies and techniques aimed at mitigating the occurrence of secondary phases, including process optimization, compositional tuning, and post-deposition treatments. These approaches offer promising avenues for enhancing the purity and performance of kesterite-based thin-film solar cells. Challenges and open questions in this field are addressed, and potential future research directions are proposed. By comprehensively analyzing recent advancements, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of secondary phase-related issues in kesterite CZT(S/Se) thin films, paving the way for enhanced performance and commercial viability of thin-film solar cell technologies.

Suppressing Element Inhomogeneity Enables 14.9% Efficiency CZTSSe Solar Cells.

Kesterites, Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1- x)4 (CZTSSe), solar cells suffer from severe open-circuit voltage (VOC) loss due to the numerous secondary phases and defects. The prevailing notion attributes this issue to Sn-loss during the selenization. However, this work unveils that, instead of Sn-loss, elemental inhomogeneity caused by Cu-directional diffusion toward Mo(S,Se)2 layer is the critical factor in the formation of secondary phases and defects. This diffusion decreases the Cu/(Zn+Sn) ratio to 53% at the bottom fine-grain layer, increasing the Sn-/Zn-related bulk defects. By suppressing the Cu-directional diffusion with a blocking layer, the crystal quality is effectively improved and the defect density is reduced, leading to a remarkable photovoltaic coversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.9% with a VOC of 576mV and a certified efficiency of 14.6%. The findings provide insights into element inhomogeneity, holding significant potential to advance the development of CZTSSe solar cells.

Formation and evolution of secondary phases and surface altered layers during borosilicate glass corrosion in pore water

The emergent secondary phases and surface altered layer (SAL) during the aqueous corrosion of borosilicate glass have a great impact on its chemical durability. However, the formation and evolution of these structures are still unclear. Here, by studying the borosilicate glass altered at 90 °C in pore water, the water in pore space between glass powders, the formation of secondary phases could follow two ways: 1. the consumption of aqueous ions forms analcime, zeolite, calcium silicate and barite at the surface of glass; 2. the reorganization of silica aggregates leads to smectite within the SAL. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy results show that the release of soluble elements and the formation of smectite within the SAL significantly increase the porosity of SAL. Furthermore, the layer containing smectite reorganizes inwardly and the crystallinity of smectite is gradually increased over time. The observations of transmission electron microscopy reveal that the dissolution of glass potentially goes through an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process.

Experimental study of SS316L, Inconel 625, and SS316L-IN625 functionally graded material produced by direct laser metal deposition process

Three types of walls were produced by the direct laser metal deposition (DLMD) process; SS316L, Inconel 625 (IN625), and SS316L-Inconel 625 FGM. The thin walls were deposited on an AISI 4130 austenitic steel substrate in five layers with a length of 2 cm. The solidification behavior, secondary dendrite arm spacing (SADS) value, chemical composition, and hardness of samples were studied. Microstructures were evaluated using optical microscopy (OM) images, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS Line, EDAX, and Map analyses. OM and SEM images showed an acceptable bonding between the layers in all samples. The main solidification was equiaxed dendritic and columnar dendritic in most parts. The growth of dendrites was perpendicular to the substrate. Some dendrites grew epitaxially at the interface of two sequential layers. The standard deviation of SDAS value for SS316L, IN625, and SS316L-IN625 FGM was 0.63, 0.71, and 0.73, respectively. The lowest value of SDAS was obtained in layer one, while the highest value was obtained in layer five of the thin walls. The average SDAS values for SS316L, IN625, and SS316L-IN625 FGM were 4.40, 4.53, and 4.76 µm, respectively. Therefore, the difference between the SDAS values was not significant. EDAX and Map analyses showed that the segregation of Nb and Mo to the dendritic boundary and the formation of eutectic, secondary phases, and brittle Laves phases have occurred. Additionally, the segregation of Nb and Mo to the dendritic boundary in the SS316L-IN625 FGM sample was higher than SS316L and IN625 samples. The microhardness values oscillated significantly and decreased by moving away from the substrate (in the build direction). The microhardness values of different points of the SS316L-IN625 FGM walls were in the range of 218–278 HV. EDS line scan, microstructure, and microhardness analyses indicated the successful fabrication of the SS316L-IN625 FGM by the DLMD process.

Phase purifying and dielectric improvement in Zn2SiO4 ceramics via simply controlling the particle size of SiO2

AbstractThe zinc orthosilicate, Zn2SiO4 ceramics, exhibit great potential as microwave dielectric materials due to their low dielectric constant and ultrahigh quality factor. The solid‐state synthesis of Zn2SiO4 ceramics often results in the presence of a secondary phase of ZnO, however, leading to significantly lower Q×f values. Cold‐isostatic‐pressing (CIP) and nonstoichiometry have been proven effective in purifying the Zn2SiO4 but need elaborate process and composition manipulation. In this work, it was found that the particle size of SiO2 plays a crucial role in purifying the Zn2SiO4 phase. Specially, nano‐sized SiO2 particles (15 and 30 nm) led to the formation of a ZnO secondary phase in synthesized Zn2SiO4 ceramics, while micro‐sized (2 and 10 µm) resulted in pure‐phase Zn2SiO4 with excellent microwave properties. Notably, when prepared with 10 µm SiO2 and sintered at 1 340°C, the resulting Zn2SiO4 exhibited outstanding microwave performances with a Q×f value of 122 570 GHz, a temperature coefficient of frequency τf of −51.9 ppm/°C, and a dielectric constant (εr) of 6.5. These findings highlight the importance of controlling particle size during synthesis to achieve desired material properties such as purity and excellent microwave performances.

Effects of Ag off-stoichiometry on mechanical and thermoelectric properties of ductile AgCuSe0.6S0.4

Recently, AgCuSe-based ductile inorganic thermoelectric (TE) materials have attracted great interests because they can simultaneously achieve excellent TE performance and good deformability at room temperature. The composition-performance relationship of p-type AgCuSe-based ductile inorganic TE materials have been systematically investigated, but the related investigation on n-type AgCuSe-based ductile inorganic TE materials is still absent. In this work, a series of n-type ductile Ag1+xCuSe0.6S0.4 (x = −0.02, −0.01, 0, 0.01, and 0.02) samples are prepared. The effects of Ag off-stoichiometry on the phase composition, mechanical, and TE properties are systematically investigated. The crystal structure of AgCuSe0.6S0.4 can accommodate a small amount of Ag-excess to maintain the phase purity, but very little Ag-deficiency can induce the formation of secondary phases. The Ag off-stoichiometry has little influence on the mechanical performance. Introducing Ag-excess can increase the carrier concentration to optimize the electrical conductivity and power factor, leading to enhanced TE figure-of-merit (zT). The zT of Ag1.02CuSe0.6S0.4 is 0.17 at 300 K. The six-couple in-plane flexible TE device fabricated based on Ag1.02CuSe0.6S0.4 demonstrates high output performance that is superior to the organic flexible TE devices. This work deepens the understanding on the novel AgCuSe-based ductile inorganic TE materials.

Barium concentration controlled phase evolution in molecular solution processing of Cu2BaSnS4 thin films for solar cells with improved optical and electrical properties

Recently, Cu2BaSnS4 (CBTS) has emerged as a leading candidate to improve cationic ordering, which limits performance of solar cells, in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) absorber layers. While non-toxic solution based approaches appear very attractive for the deposition of the CBTS layers, the formation of secondary phases stemming from poor control of composition must be suppressed. While preparing CBTS thin films from 2-methoxy ethanol based molecular solutions, we find critical dependence of phase evolution on the Ba concentration in the solution. From the systematic variation in molar concentration of cations and sulfurization parameters we have established the favourable reaction pathway leading to the formation of the single phase CBTS via intermediate solid-state binary and tertiary compounds. The resultant films exhibited significantly reduced effects of cation antisite disorder compared to CZTS as reflected from a symmetric room temperature photoluminescence peak. The films had a band gap of ∼2.0 eV and showed considerable white light sensitivity. Detailed electrical and electro-impedance measurements were carried out that revealed p-type conductivity with a carrier concentration of 1.7×1014 cm−3.

Development of a novel autogenous double pulse tungsten inert gas welding technique for joining IN625 in concentrated solar power plants

The research focuses on the challenges of joining the IN625 alloy for high-temperature applications. Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding has drawbacks such as higher heat input (HI), which causes elemental segregation and secondary phases, ultimately affecting the quality of weldments. Previous literature indicates that single-pulsed TIG (SP-TIG) welding has shown improvements over TIG welding. In this study, a new technique called double-pulsed TIG (DP-TIG) welding was developed to address the HI and elemental segregation issues during the welding process. The study also compares the improvements in properties of DP-TIG with SP-TIG welding. The results demonstrate that DP-TIG significantly reduces HI by 53% compared to SP-TIG. It effectively decreased residual stress by 26% and suppressed secondary phase formation. Moreover, DP-TIG exhibits superior mechanical properties, with an 11% increase in hardness and a 10% increase in tensile strength compared to SP-TIG. These findings establish DP-TIG as the preferred method for joining the IN625 alloy.

Sc-doped Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ cathodes for protonic ceramic fuel cells

Sc is used as a dopant to tailor the traditional Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) cathode for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). Experiments and first-principles calculations are used in this study to explore the influence of Sc-doping on the performance of BSCF cathodes for PCFCs. Sc can only occupy the Co or Fe sites, and doping Sc at the Ba or Sr sites results in the formation of secondary phases. The use of Sc dopant reduces the high thermal expansion of traditional BSCF. More importantly, doping Sc into BSCF reduces the formation of oxygen vacancies while improving hydration and decreasing the proton migration barrier. Doping Sc at the Fe site outperforms doping at the Co site in terms of oxygen vacancy content, hydration capability, and proton migration ability. The new Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.1Sc0.1O3-δ (Sc doped at Fe site) has a high fuel cell performance of 1666 mW cm−2 at 700 °C and a low polarization resistance of 0.033 Ω cm2. The fuel cell performance is superior to that of most BSCF-based PCFCs reported, indicating the efficacy of using the Sc-doping strategy to tailor BSCF and the importance of selecting the appropriate doping site.

Multilayer laminated Cu coil/CaO–Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic preparation via a novel insulation packaging strategy for flat wire motor applications

A new insulation packaging strategy for the stator windings of flat wire motors based on LTCC technology was studied for the first time. The study aimed to replace traditional plastic packaging methods and avoid aging issues by fabricating a novel multilayer laminated Cu coil/CaO–Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic structure. The analysis of the interface microstructure of the laminated structure revealed that the CaO–Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic matrix consisted of a crystalline phase of CaSiO3 and an amorphous phase of SiO2. The interface between the Cu coil and CaO–Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic exhibited good bonding with no formation of secondary phases. Additionally, the strong bonding between the Cu coil and CaO–Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic was attributed to the diffusion of Cu atoms at the interface. The novel multilayer laminated structure based on LTCC technology proposed in this study can help achieve high-reliability insulation packaging for the stator windings of future high-power density and miniaturized flat wire motors.

Implementation of different scanning strategy to improve the mechanical and wear properties of 15-5 PH stainless steel fabricated by laser-directed energy deposition

In this work, the effect of three different scan patterns (island scan pattern, island alternative scan pattern and cross-hatch pattern) on mechanical and wear properties is investigated for 15–5 Precipitation-hardened (PH) stainless steel by using laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). Six rectangular blocks are deposited with constant laser power and scanning speed. Currently, studies on the control of anisotropic behavior to improve the mechanical and wear properties by using different scan strategy, especially in the case of 15–5 PH grade stainless steel is relatively sparse. Therefore, it is necessary to learn how mechanical and wear properties are improving in these three different scan pattern samples. At first, the temperature data at a specific point is captured by using a non-contact type pyrometer during printing and the detailed microstructural characterization of that particular region is analyzed. All three different scan pattern samples mostly show δ-ferrite and lath martensite (α') structure. The X-ray diffraction shows, there is formation of secondary precipitation phases like NbCr2, NbC, and Cu rich precipitation in all three different scan pattern samples. The electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) result exhibits the island alternative scan pattern samples have mostly mixed orientation direction, a high fraction of retained austenite (͠ 0.004) and high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) compared to the island scan pattern and cross hatch pattern samples. The island alternative scan pattern samples show maximum improved mechanical properties i.e. average ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1316 MPa and up to 20% of elongation amongst all deposited samples. Similarly, the alternative island scan pattern samples exhibit a high coefficient of friction (COF) irrespective of the applied load. The SEM image of the worn surfaces clearly demonstrates abrasion and adhesion type wear in all the three different scan pattern samples.